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文/孔祥骅
《大学》一书提出了修己治人平天下的三纲八目，是先秦的儒家伦理学说进一步系统化。它提出了“自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本”的观点。将人的道德修养确定为儒者修己治人、化民成俗、改良政治的中心环节，进一步强化了儒学以人伦道德为中心的本质特征。
第一章提出三纲领八条目。
此为总纲。把道德修养和治理国家结合为一体，以执政者个人的道德修养作为治理天下的根本。
此三纲分别言之，就是三条纲领：
第一，“明明德”，即发扬人自身内在的光辉美好的德行。或谓：“明明德”即“修其身”，“明明德于天下”即使天下人皆能修其身。孔颖达释为:“谓身有明德而更彰显之。”
第二，“亲民”，即新民，指教化人民，使人民日新其德，具有新的道德风尚。“亲民”一词在学术史上，有二说：朱熹作新民讲；王阳明作亲民讲。朱说符合全文大意。
第三，“止于至善”，止，训为“处”或“达”，即处于最完善的境地。
这完善的境地指的是什么呢？传文解释说：“为人君止于仁，为人臣止于敬，为人子止于孝，为人父止于慈，与国人交止于信。”
仁、敬、孝、慈、信、，就是大人君子所要达到的最高道德标准。只有这样，才能“知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。”
所谓“八条目”是实现三纲的八个步骤。
即：“格物而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。”
格物、致知、诚意、正心、修身、齐家、治国、平天下，这就是八目。
“格物”即推究事物的原理。朱熹注疏说：“凡天下事物莫不有其理，当一一求之，用力之久，一旦豁然贯通，既能悟出贯穿全体的大道理。”
“致知”就是认识到万事万物的本来之理。
“诚意”的“意”，谓意念，“诚意”即真心实意。传文解释说“所谓诚其意者，毋自欺也”，“故君子必慎其独也”。
何谓慎独？大庭广众能够做到，而个人独处时，以为人家看不到，便放胆做不正当之事，这是不行的。所以君子要特别注意个人独处时的行为，人前人后都一样，这就叫“慎独”。
诚意这个精神境界，用今天的话来说，就是为人处世要讲诚信。
《大学》提出了两个途径：或是通过“格物致知”的间接功夫可以达到诚意的境界；或是通过“慎独”的直接功夫达到诚意的境界。
“正心”，传文解释说：“心有所忿怒，则不得其正。”正心就是守持儒家的正道，不愤怒，不恐惧，不好乐，不忧患，对于种种感情有克制力，防止个人感情和欲望的偏向。
“修身”，即修养身心，是八条目的中心，是一个重要的枢纽，这里指修养的完成。《大学》说：“自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。”
“明明德”，则是修身之本。
“齐家”的家指家族，就是教化家族，做到对父母要孝、对兄弟要悌、对子女要慈。家族是国家组织的细胞，国是放大的家，齐家就可以治国。
一个家族中的成员只要做到对父母孝、对兄弟悌、对子女慈，那这家的家风就有仁、让之风，也就是有德之家。
《大学》将家族看成是国家的组织细胞，国是放大的家，齐家就可以治国，国就是诸侯之国。《大学》是极重视家教的，即家族的教育、家庭的教育。因为国家和社会是由家族和家庭组成的。如果没有家的稳定，自然不会有社会和国家的稳定。
《大学》传文认为如果修身齐家做不到，更不用说治国了：“孝者所以事君也，弟者所以事长也，慈者所以使众也。”能孝父母，也就能忠事君长；能敬兄弟也就能服从长官；能慈爱儿女也就能爱护百姓。
故《大学》传文曰：“一家仁，一国兴仁。一家让，一国兴让。”
《大学》的三纲与八目，是方法论，内容是讲内圣外王之道。
格物、致知、诚意、正心为内圣，内圣是就个人修养而言，可归入修己。
修身、齐家、治国、平天下为外王，外王就是个人在社会中发挥的作用而言，可归入治人。
从格物致知起以至于治国平天下，可以说将儒家的人生哲学和修身处世的方法说得条理井然，综括无遗。
由《大学》提出格物—致知—诚意—正心—修身—齐家—治国—平天下八个条目，构筑一个由内到外，由精神追求到制度规范相统一的完整体系，将周代以来的礼制思想制度化、系统化、它既是帝王的统治术指南，又是臣民的修养法则与行为准绳，并因其纲领鲜明而被列为《四书》之首。
The book 'Great Learning' put forward the three cardinal principles and eight eyes, which is a further systematization of the Confucian ethics in the pre-Qin period. It put forward the 'from the son of heaven to the concubine, one is all to cultivate one's morality' point of view. The moral cultivation of people is determined as the central link of Confucians to cultivate themselves and govern others, transform people into customs and improve politics, which further strengthens the essential characteristics of Confucianism centered on human ethics.
The first chapter puts forward three programs and eight items.
The so-called three cardinal principles are the three basic principles governing the world. At the beginning of the article, the author puts forward: 'The way of a university lies in mingming virtue, in affinity with the people and in perfection.' .
This is the general idea. The moral cultivation should be combined with the governance of the country, and the personal moral cultivation of the ruler should be regarded as the foundation of the governance of the world.
Separately, these three cardinal principles are the three principles:
First, 'mingming de', that is, to develop their own internal brilliance and good virtue. Or: 'mingming de' that is 'to cultivate their body', 'mingming de in the world' even people all over the world can cultivate their body. Kong Yingda explained as: 'that the body is enlightened and more manifest.'
Second, 'close to the people', that is, the new people, refers to the education of the people, so that the people have new virtues, with a new moral fashion. In the academic history of the word 'close to the people', there are two theories: Zhu Xi as a new people; Wang Yangming spoke to the people. Zhu said in line with the general idea of the text.
Third, 'stop at perfection', stop, training is 'place' or 'reach', that is, to be in the most perfect situation.
What does this perfect state mean? The biography explains: 'To be a king ends in benevolence, to be a minister ends in respect, to be a son ends in filial piety, to be a father ends in kindness, and to be with his countrymen ends in faith.'
Benevolence, respect, filial piety, kindness, faith, are the highest moral standards that a gentleman should reach. Only in this way can we 'know and stop before we have certainty, then we can be quiet, then we can be quiet, then we can be secure, then we can be secure, then we can be secure, and then we can be secure.
The so-called 'eight items' are the eight steps to realize the three cardinal Principles.
That is to say: 'The matter and then know, know to then sincere, sincere and then heart is, heart is and then physical repair, physical repair and then home, home and then state, state and then the world.'
These are the eight Eyes. They are the eight eyes, the eight eyes, the eight eyes, the eight eyes.
'Gewu' is to deduce the principle of things. Zhu Xi said: 'everything in the world has its reason, when one by one, hard for a long time, once suddenly through, both can understand the whole truth.'
'To know' is to realize everything as it is.
The 'meaning' of 'sincerity' is the idea, and 'sincerity' is the sincerity. The biography explained that 'the so-called sincere his will, do not deceive themselves', 'so the gentleman will be careful of its unique also.'
What is Shensi? It can be done in public, but it cannot be done when a person is alone, thinking that others cannot see him, and daring to do wrong. Therefore, a gentleman should pay special attention to his behavior when he is alone. People are the same before and after him. This is called 'cautious'.
Sincerity, in today's words, is the spiritual realm of being honest.
The Great Learning puts forward two ways: one is to reach the state of sincerity through the indirect effort of 'gewu zhizhi'; Or the state of sincerity can be achieved through direct efforts of 'prudence'.
'The heart is right.' The text explains, 'If the heart is angry, it is not right.' The right mind is to adhere to the confucianist right way, to avoid anger, fear, unhappiness and distress, to restrain all kinds of feelings, and to prevent personal feelings and desires from being biased.
'Self-cultivation', that is, the cultivation of the body and mind, is the center of the eight items, an important hub, here refers to the completion of self-cultivation. 'University' said: 'from the son of heaven to the concubine, one is all to cultivate one's morality.'
'Mingming de' is the foundation of cultivating one's morality.
The 'qi family' refers to the family, which is to educate the family to be filial to parents, fraternal to brothers, and kind to children. The family is the cell of the state organization, and the state is the amplified home.
As long as the members of a family show filial piety to their parents, fraternal kindness to their brothers, and kindness to their children, there will be benevolence and generosity in the family tradition, that is, a virtuous family.
In The Great University, the family is regarded as the organization cell of the state, and the state is the amplified home. The University attaches great importance to family education, that is, family education. Because countries and societies are made up of families and families. If there is no stability of home, there will be no stability of society and country.
'The University' biography thinks that if the cultivation of morality and family can not be done, let alone the governance: 'filial piety is why the king, brother is why the long, kindness is why the people.' Can filial piety parents, also can be loyal to jun long; He who respects his brother will obey his superiors; If he can love his children, he can love his people.
Therefore, the biography of the Great University says: 'A benevolence, a country xingren. If one family makes concessions, one country will make concessions.'
The three Cardinal Principles and eight Eyes of the Great Learning are the methodology, and the content is to talk about the way of the inner sage and the outer king.
In terms of personal cultivation, inner sanctity can be classified as self-cultivation.
Cultivating one's morality, regulating one's family, governing the country and leveling the world are the foreign Kings. Foreign Kings are the functions that individuals play in society, which can be classified as governing people.
It can be said that the Confucian philosophy of life and the method of cultivating one's morality in the world are well organized and complete.
Put forward by the university - to make informed decisions, sincerity, is the heart, cultivate one's morality - terms - state - the country eight items, to construct a from the inside out, by the spirit of pursuit to the unity of complete system regulation, to the zhou dynasty since the Confucian thought of institutionalized, systematic, it is the rule of emperor guides, and training rules and behavior criterion of his subjects, It was listed as the first in the Four Books because of its distinctive program.
南湖艸坣
NAN HU CAO TANG
---- SUI YANG ZHANG PU ----